Voluntary Euthanasia Or Assisted Suicide - 983 Words

A topic that has been around for a while is voluntary euthanasia or assisted suicide. Our book states that â€Å"a person who is virtually certain to die within a given amount of time and is experiencing or will experience a lot of pain before he or she dies should be able to choose an earlier, les painful death (Mosser, 2013). There are reasons that arise or illnesses that occur that should be reason enough for a person to choose if they want to continue to suffer through the illness or the pain or if they should instead be able to decide if they wish to continue this unhappy existence that they are faced with. Everyone should have a right to end their life when they see fit, especially if they are suffering or perhaps they feel that those around them are suffering because of seeing the pain they are going through. This brings us to the utilitarian few of the world and how sometimes assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia can be associated with utilitarianism and the view th at actions should be done for the greater good or the good of many. When looking at the pain that someone else’s pain can cause to others, the best course of action could be to allow the assisted suicide to occur. Others would think that any sort of assisted suicide it’s not an acceptable course because we are taught that no one should take the life of another because it is morally wrong. Utilitarianism is an â€Å"ethical theory that evaluates the morality of an act or rule on terms of its consequences,Show MoreRelatedAssisted Suicide Or Voluntary Euthanasia1864 Words   |  8 Pages TITLE Assisted Suicide or Voluntary Euthanasia is when a patient with a terminal illness request to end their life by taking a lethal injection or a prescribed medication with the help of a medical professional. In the United States each state has the choice on whether or not it is illegal to perform the task of assisted suicide. Out of all fifty states there are only five with a legal method for assisted suicide. In Vermont, Washington, California and OregonRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesphysician assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. Meanwhile, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an active role in the act of killing the patient. There is often debate on whether or not any of these actions should be legalized in all states. Physician assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, California, Montana, V ermont, and Washington. Voluntary active euthanasia is illegalRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia1348 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia is still under scrutiny for a number of reasons. â€Å"In spring, 1996, the Ninth and Second Circuits were the first circuit courts in the country to find a constitutional prohibition against laws which make physician-assisted suicide a crime† (Martyn Bourguignon, 1997). New York was one of the states that followed this prohibition. Eventually, The Ninth and Second Circuit, â€Å"allow physician-assisted suicide while attempting to protect individuals fromRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesphysician assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. While, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an act ive role in the action of killing the patient. There is often debate on whether or not any of these actions should be legalized in all states. Physician assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, California, Montana, Vermont, and Washington. Voluntary active euthanasia is illegalRead MoreEuthanasi Voluntary Active Euthanasia, Passive Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1143 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Heritage Dictionary euthanasia is defined as the art or practice of ending the life of a person or animal having a terminal illness or a medical condition that causes suffering. Euthanasia should be a individual choice to end a patient s life. This keeps them from going through excruciating pain due to an incurable disease. Some people think euthanasia should be out of the picture while others inquiry the effectiveness of these actions. With effectiveness, euthanasia is classified in threeRead MoreAmerica Needs Voluntary Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Essay1081 Words   |  5 Page shear the word suicide it invokes controversy. Although it is a taboo subject; if a loved one was faced with a terminal illness becoming extremely critical this would pose a moral question. Could a person be willing to accept the fact their family member intended to use medical assisted suicide? Very few individuals would agree with this, but in the same instance should a human being want their relative to be in unbearable pain? According to the author, â€Å"Indeed, physician-assisted suicide implies notRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Voluntary Euthanasia, Legitimacy And Legality1352 Words   |  6 Pages Physician Assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia, Legitimacy and Legality Isaac Roer Saginaw Valley State University Abstract This paper discusses why the U.S. should implement the availability of physician assisted suicide/death and voluntary euthanasia. It discusses countries that have this legally, how they do not abuse the fact, and the percentages of both physicians and patients that are affiliated with PAS/VE. It continues with the legal moral issues it has within the UnitedRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide And Euthanasia Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide Is physician assisted suicide ethical? Physician assisted suicide is an up and coming ethical question that examines a person’s right to their own death. Many people support physician assisted suicide, citing that it can save a lot of pain and suffering. Others claim that the concept of physician assisted suicide is a slippery slope. A slippery slope in the sense that if society accepts euthanasia as a rightful death for the terminally ill, they will potentially acceptRead MoreThe Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Released1181 Words   |  5 PagesDisease Control and Prevention released a suicide report in 2015 stating that in The United States, suicide is the 10th leading cause of deaths. As many as 44,193 individuals have died per year, which means there is about 123 suicide deaths a day happening as of now in The United States (â€Å"Suicide Statistics†). This is only the statistics of deaths that have been successful in The United States, it is not countin g all suicide deaths around the world nor suicide attempts. This alone is already a majorRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1536 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Murder â€Å"Euthanasia, also [known as] mercy killing, [is the] practice of ending another’s life with the aim of enabling the person to avoid severe suffering, typically from a terminal illness† (â€Å"Euthanasia†). Furthermore, a study conducted in Washington State revealed that most of the participants who requested euthanasia had the diagnosis of cancer, neurological disease, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Back et al. 919). This study also uncovered that â€Å"the patient concerns most

Coca-Cola International Business Strategy for Globalization

International Trade Academic Research Conference (ITARC ), 7 – 8th November, 2012, London.UK. COCA-COLA: International Business Strategy for Globalization Michael Ba Banutu-Gomez William G. Rohrer College of Business, Rowan University, USA Key Words International Differentiation Strategy, Global Strategy, International Marketing Strategy, Culture in International Marketing Strategy, Coca-Cola Strategy, International Distribution Strategy, Choosing Distributors and Channels, The Challenge of Distribution, Hidden Costs And Gains In Distribution, International Collaborative Strategy, International Labor Relations and Management Strategy, and International Diversification Strategy. Abstract The purpose of this research was to analysis the†¦show more content†¦It also may be referred to as segmentation strategy. Using this strategy, a manufacturer will introduce different varieties of the same basic product under the same name into a particular product category and thus cover the range of products available in that category. There are several ways a firm can differentiate its’ products. We focused on two aspects of this; branding and cost leadership. The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other sellers. The objectives of successful branding include; delivering the message clearly, confirming your company’s credibility, connecting to your target prospects emotionally, motivating the buyer, and establishing user loyalty. For example, a soda company that offe rs a regular soda, a diet soda, a decaffeinated soda, and a diet-decaffeinated soda all under the same brand name is using a differentiation strategy. Each type of soda is directed at a different segment of the soda market, and the full line of products available will help to establish the companys name in the soda category (Lake, 2010). Another aspect of the differentiation strategy is cost leadership. With this strategy, theShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Promoted The Development Of Productive Forces1037 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization promoted the development of productive forces. â€Å"Globalization may be defined as the integration of the world s people, firms and government. In the modern context, globalization is usually the result of closer ties in international trade, known as bilateral trade agreements. The WTO and NAFTA are two examples of such bilateral trade agreements. With such agreements, cross-country investment increases. This increase in investment is aided by the increase in information technology andRead MoreThe Influences of Globalization Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pages The influences of globalization can be felt in every city around the world. Technology has enabled individuals as well as organizations the ability to immerse themselves into another culture virtually at the speed of light. Understanding of different societies and cultures has become one of the leading processes of business. Primarily there has been a greater focus on understanding the various cultures because of its ability to affect business on a global scale. Nevertheless, organization suchRead MoreGlobalisation and the Coca-Cola Company1379 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization and the Coca-Cola Company Introduction Today, Coca-Cola is one of most well-known brands in the world. This company has continued to gain momentum and growth, capitalizing on the rapidly expanding beverage industry and ranking as the largest beverage company in the world. With its push for global market share, Coca-Cola now operates in over 200 countries with over 84,000 suppliers. Currently, over 70% of Coca Cola’s business income is generated from non-US sources (Coca-ColaRead MoreCoca-Colas Business Strategies1548 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: The Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds leading manufacturer and distributor of a wide range of beverage products. It is an American based multinational corporation that manufactures, distributes, and promotes soft drinks, fruit juices, energy and sports drinks, yogurt drinks, mineral water, coffee, tea, and soy-based beverages. Founded in 1886, the Coca-Cola Company currently offers almost 3,500 products under 500 brand labels. The most famous products of theRead MoreMarketing Analysis : International Marketing1340 Words   |  6 Pagesfaster communication high end technology ,improved transport system are making international market more approachable. When businesses looking for global position then hunger give them brand awareness and cost effectiveness. The main process of international marketing is start from the domestic marketing to international marketing and after that try to reach global marketing. Global marketing always refers to the globalization. When its about identical product standardization is important which meansRead MoreCoca Col The Largest Beverage Company1624 Words   |  7 PagesCoca-Cola has capitalized on the rapidly expanding beverage industry in the United States and has successfully infiltrated the gobal market where 70% of its revenue is reported. This journey into globalization has the company viewed as the largest beverage company in the world. In 2011, Business Insider reported that 3.1% of beverages consumed around the world is a product of Coca-Cola and/or its subsidaries. Currently, Coca-Cola operating segements are North America, Latin America, Europe, AfricaRead MoreThe Principles Of Global Marketing1632 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing, which is a theory about the worldwide merchandising strategy, establishes the basement of marketing. As globalization is combined with diverse cultures from the whole world, costumers have different demands which have to achieve by businesses. In addition, the strateg y of global marketing is necessary for companies to develop new markets. This assignment will firstly explain what global marketing is. After that, it will confer strategy of global marketing in 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion)Read MoreThe Globalization Of A Multinational Corporation1725 Words   |  7 Pagescorporation is a corporation that does business in two or more countries. It has its home base in its own country, but has branches or subsidiaries in other countries. Their home base is the company’s identity. For example Toyota is Japanese even though it operates in the United States. With modern technology and improvement in communications, transportation and infrastructure, corporations are venturing beyond national boundaries in the pursuit of business opportunities. Their size provides themRead MoreCoca Col Strategic Expansion Of Businesses2291 Words   |  10 Pages UNGC Coca-Cola Stephany Kim shstephk@gmail.com N/A N/A UNGC: Strategic Expansion of Businesses Country’s Relationship/History to the Topic: In 1886, Dr. John S. Pemberton and his partner Frank M. Robinson created a distinctive tasting soft drink that shortly became known as â€Å"Coca-Cola.† The new beverage quickly spread throughout Atlanta, Georgia, under the leadership of businessman Asa G. Chandler (â€Å"Coca-Cola History†). At the turn of the century, Coca-Cola started expanding throughout the countryRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Coca Cola1664 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Strategy comprises of many components which are associated with each other and incorporate a company s publicising goals. Coca-Cola is a foremost example for successful marketing brand that is known and adored all over the world. The origin of a strong Marketing Strategy consists of a proper analysis, exploring all important factors which are required to achieve a desired target. I explore my knowledge of interest to know the effectiveness of the strategies used by a coca cola company to

My Past, Present, and Future Free Essays

Hard life does not equal reason for failure, but reason for determination. Even though it may seem with so much bad you are bound to fail, with all of my bad I’m bound to succeed. I have been through a lot in life, just as every single mother but I still have what it takes for my future success. We will write a custom essay sample on My Past, Present, and Future or any similar topic only for you Order Now Do you have what it takes for a brighter future? The first reason I believe hard times give you determination, is because I had a hard childhood growing up. Beginning with my father abusing my mother and he was never around, a mother who was struggling to figure out who she was and what she wanted in life, and how to take care of a teenager with so many bad experiences. My father was murdered in front of me and passed in my arms when I was seven years old. My only father figures I had left were my brothers who for their own reasons couldn’t be around much. I turned to alcohol at a young age thinking it would make my life better. I felt as if I was alone. I didn’t know I had people that would be there for me. All I knew was my immediate family and my friends, which were not good influences. My mother had turned to alcohol as well and I was always home alone or with my uncle John. I never wanted to go to school; however, my uncle encouraged me to do so. I continued to attend school and did the best I thought I could. I got into skating thanks to my uncle and that is how I got rid of my stress if I had it. Uncle John always took me and my friends to the skating rink to enjoy time, just as a young child should. It made things better for me for awhile I had my father figure back again, but still needed my mom. I was lost and had no guidance; so much had happened to me at such a young age and that affected my life because I believe no matter what happens you can’t erase your bad memories. My beliefs are stated by Sigmund Freud, he said â€Å"The world as we know it is stored in our conscious mind† (Witt Mossler, 2010, Ch. 2, Pg. 2). Additionally, at age fifteen I was involved in a car accident that everyone including myself thought it ended my life. I was pronounced dead on scene yet revived. I was hospitalized for over a week and had to go though therapy to learn how to walk again. My brain wasn’t coordinating with my legs. I broke five ribs, my lung collapsed, crushed my heel, burned my back, my scalp was avulsed, broken nose, and in general shaken up. I woke up to a paramedic by my side coaching me through my breathing and having faith in my ability to overcome anything. It just so happened with me living in a small town that paramedic was my best friend’s father, Gene Deck. That’s when I got my mom back, and to this day she is always there for me and is my best friend. During that time I had also lost my brother who meant the world to me. He was my role model and was everything to me. I would wait for him every day on the porch to arrive from work. He had been though a lot himself and had went to prison for a few years. He got out of prison and started his life over working in the oil fields, I still remember his smell. It was that time of year for our family reunion, we went camping every year. I remember waking up to his face at five in the morning and him asking me to go on the boat with him to check the trout lines, me at my age was upset about being woke up that early. I pulled the blankets over my head and said â€Å"go away and leave me alone bubba†. Those were my last words to him, which is why I strongly believe you should make sure your words to your loved ones are that from the heart. He had gone out on the boat and it had a hole in it, my brother didn’t know how to swim. They found him late that night after searching all day at the bottom of the river tangled in seaweed. With all those experiences, I knew what I wanted to do as an adult, save lives. So I took it upon myself to try and get my life together and do what was right. I had several inspirations for saving lives, from my life being saved to maybe I could have saved my brothers. I had so much encouragement in my heart now to move forward with my career choice in the future. For now, it was time to focus on finishing high school and being a good daughter so that my mom wouldn’t have to go through anymore pain. I focused on school and promised myself no matter what happened in life I would return the favor given to me from the man upstairs, with a second chance given to me I would help saving lives. It is thanks to God that I am alive today, and for the rest of my life I will thank him every day. I may not be one of those people who go to church every day, but I do know my life is held in the hands of a man that I owe my life to. At age seventeen I ended up being getting in another relationship that I thought would last forever and we decided to have a child. I ended up having too many medical problems and had to drop out of school. I was determined to keep my promise. I set out to get my G. E. D and started running with the Emergency Medical Service in my town as a rider. I then became part of the EMS family as a driver. They paid to put me through school to become an Emergency Medical Technician. I decided that wasn’t enough and started school with a technical school to become a National Registered Certified Medical Assistant. My first born son gave me more inspiration to better myself in life. He was the reason of my existence and the reason I to this day work very hard at everything I do to succeed in life. I named him after my brother that had passed, Keith. I now have four beautiful boys, still have my two certifications, and now attending college working towards a degree. Every day I remember lucky I am to be here and how much I have to be thankful for in life. My fiance Sean is another one of my inspirations. He stays on my case constantly about school and making sure I do what is right. I have everything I need in life to be inspired and achieve my life term goals. I believe that you need three things in life to achieve your goals, a belief system, persistence, and patience. Several things can happen to you in life. It’s a matter of how you overcome what has happened and how you move forward. Although, you may want to just give up and feel you have been through enough in life and you don’t want to put yourself through any more. You need to reconsider, because that is just your way of â€Å"justifying your thoughts or behavior†, called rationalization which is a type of defense mechanism from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory (Witt Mossler, 2010, Ch. 2, Pg. 2). Make sure you stay focused on your goal or goals and what lies ahead of you. Always look toward the future and never look back, you will always remember but let it be a lesson learned in life, and the strength you need to move forward. There is nothing better in life than looking back on all you have been through, and then looking at what you have to this day. The best thing is looking at what lies ahead of you and your future of success! Indeed, while some may say a bad past can get the best of you, it’s important to stay focused and determined. I will continue to move forward with my education and become successful. Just remember one thing; you are in control of your life, your attitude, and your actions. You can’t change your past, but, you can change your future! How to cite My Past, Present, and Future, Essay examples

Financial Crisis and Fair Value Accounting

Question: Describe about the Financial Crisis and Fair Value Accounting? Answer: Introduction In 2007-2008 the global economic downturn has emphasized on the role of financial accounting in leading to the financial crisis across the world. Several economist and financial analysis have scrutinized the global financial crisis and expressed significant concern regarding the financial standard, especially the Fair Value Accounting (FVA) which is used as a reporting instrument for the financial organizations. Various studies have demonstrated that Fair Value Accounting is one of the major triggering factors for the global financial crisis. On the other hand, some paper has significantly defended fair value accounting system through highlighting its advantages. Following fair value approach in preparation of financial statements has been a long debated topic in the past few years (Badertscher, Burks and Easton, 2012). Though fair value accounting has several merits, it has been subject to severe criticism in the post global financial crisis era. Several financial institutions have alleged that fair value accounting has played a significant role in leading to the credit crunch. This paper will focus on analyzing the influence of fair value accounting on the global financial crisis through reviewing wide range of literature. Additionally, this paper will also illustrate the advantages as well as disadvantages of the fair value accounting practice. Debate regarding the Role of FVA in Financial Crisis In context of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and credit crunch, a significant debate on the strengths and disadvantages of the fair value accounting was arisen. The international economy was affected by the severe crisis which was amplified by the significant down fall of the financial markets of the developed countries. In 2007, financial shock was propagated due to the bankruptcy of the mortgage market as the subprime mortgage market of United States was collapsed severely. Prior to the financial crisis, banks had built up huge holdings of the subprime securities as well as mortgages. The financial analysts have concluded that those securities was overestimated as the banks along with the rating organizations have significantly undervalued the level of defaults associated with these securities and mortgages. Additionally, it was observed that the financial institutions had piled up significant exposure to the risky credit and subprime instruments. In 2007- 2008, the prices of th e securities associated to the mortgages gone down significantly. Therefore, the financial institution had to decline their value of assets linked to the subprime mortgages (Barth and Landsman, 2010). During the economic downturn, the value of the financial instruments declined and the firms were forced to sell the securities which made the market more risky and illiquid. Consequently, the financial instruments which were valued at fair value were sold below the fundamental or theoretical value for meeting the requirements of the capital market which led to further drop in the market prices. At this point of time bank had to sell the assets for maintain the required solvency ratio. The financial statements prepared by following the fair value accounting had led to significant uncertainty for the investors and their confidence had declined resulted in further price fall and financial instability. It has been identified that real estate bubble is the major reason behind financial crisis (Benston, 2008). Apart from this, it has been argued that emergence of fair value accounting has led to the financial crisis. The major challenge is to analyze whether introduction of fair value acco unting has significant correlation with the financial crisis or it just coincided with the global financial crisis. According to Laux and Leuz (2010), fair value is one of the major factors for the international economic contraction during 2007 -2008. Additionally, Barth and Landsman (2010) had also expressed the similar idea by accusing fair value accounting as one of key factors for the credit crunch. Some economists and financial analysts have stated that fair value accounting had significantly intensified the negative impact of the financial crisis as it has excessively contributed in leveraging during the boom period. Various studies have partly blamed the adoption of fair value accounting for the credit crisis in US which transformed into the global financial crisis. According to Foster and Shastri (2010), fair value accounting system was adopted by the financial institutions for measuring the assets and liabilities at fair value which has greater relevance in the decision making as reporting of the historical cost may seem irrelevant in most of the time. It has been found that the level of transparency was enhanced by adoption of the fair value accounting (Krumwiede, 2008). However, fair value accounting had received significant criticism from the economists and financial experts. Various studies have depicted that evaluation of most of the assets and liabilities at the fair value when the market was highly volatile led to erroneous valuation. This estimation was used for reporting in the financial statements which was not reliable for the investors. According to Dietrich et al. (2001), fair value has significantly improved the transparency and increased the relevance of the financial statements but it has failed to meet the requirements of reliability criteria. Fair value accounting has declined the level of consistency through distorting the view of the investors regarding the stability and financial performance (Bischof, Daske and Sextroh, 2014). According to Penman (2007), fair value accounting system was accused for integrating the price bubble of the real estate market into the financial statement which influenced the financial institutions for responding to the changes in the market in an abnormal manner. Consequently, fair value accounting significantly contributed in worsening the financial crisis of 2007 2008 (Foster and Shastri, 2010). This is the major reason behind the debated role of fair value accounting in the international financial crisis which was transmitted across the world. According to Trussel and Rose (2009), it will not be possible to deny the fact that fair value accounting practice had led to some issues in the complicated market context. As fair value accounting significantly focused on assigning high level of relevance to the financial information presented in the financial statements of the firms which has assisted in amplification of the economic cycle which contributed to additional volatility of the financial report. Critics have argued that when fair value accounting is applied in case of the illiquid securities, it fails as fair value focuses on both bust and boom which magnified the value of the balance sheets of the banks at the top of cycle (Goncharov and van Triest, 2011). On the other hand, declines those by the same estimate at the bottom. The pro-cyclicality criticism of fair value accounting during the global financial crisis had received highest attention. According to the fair value accounting standard, the entities are allowed to estimate specific liability as well as asset at the fair value at the date of reporting. The changes in the fair value are recognized in terms of loss or gain in the income statement. IASB and FASB have already defined fair value as the amount at which the asset can be exchanged or the liability can be settled. Hence, fair value allows ascertaining the value which can be obtained from the open market transaction. Consequently, market prices have been used instead of historical cost for determining the fair value. Though the accounting professionals have recognized the relevance of the fair value accounting, it has been argued that fair value estimation had played significant role in accelerating the financial. Especially, the banking sector was highly affected by the fair value estimation . The financial institutions have told that during the financial downturn, fair value accounting had forced the companies to recognize the losses which led to the sale of assets. Consequently, the economic position was further degraded. According to the President of the American Bankers Association, there are various factors which triggered the financial crisis and the fair value accounting is responsible for exacerbating the issues during the downturn (American Bankers Association, 2009). Additionally, it as has been argued that the fare value accounting for the financial instruments in the banks have led to extensive credit expansion. FVA has contributed in the excessive leverage in the boom market as well as write down of the asset was overestimated at the time of bust. According to Wallison (2008), fair value is the major factor for accelerating the financial turmoil due to the overestimation of the financial instruments which misguided the investors as well as forced the banks to sell their assets (Rashad Abdel-Khalik, 2010). On the other hand, some economists and the financial analysts have argued that fair value accounting has no direct association with the financial crisis. According to Barth and Landsman (2010), the perceived pro-cyclicality of fair value accounting is not responsible for enhancing the severity of the financial crisis of 2007 - 2008. It has been argued that it only holds in case of bank asset or in the case where fair value is applied at the time of determining impairment. It has been observed that most of the bank holding companies asset is not carried at the fair value in the financial statement (Paolucci and Menicucci, 2014). Additionally, when fair value accounting is applied, the model completely differs from the pure mark to the market accounting. According the studies undertaken by Shaffer (2010) and Laux and Leuz (2010), fair value accounting cannot be blamed for the global financial crisis. The studied shave demonstrated that the insignificant evidence is found for supporting the fact that fair value accounting forced the banks to write own their assets. On the other hand, International Monetary Fund (2008), has agreed on the fact that fair value accounting approach make the impacts of economic volatility on the balance sheet but it has been also found that under specific risk management framework, air value account has the potential to intensify the cyclical movements in the values of asset and liability. Apart from the concerns regarding the measurements difficulties, risk along with pro-cyclicality, FVA provides a measure which best reflects the present condition of a financial institution. Scrutinizing the literatures it can be found various studies have identified that fair value accounting played a significant role in amplifying the negative impact on the financial market at the time of economic downturn. Some researchers and economist have argued that fair value accounting has accelerated the financial crisis and significantly contributed in closing the ferocious circle of the asset fire sales. In contrast, some economists have argued that international financial crisis was led by the poor risk management practice and wrong credit grant decisions made by the financial institutions. Hence, the fair value accounting does not play a major role in enhancing the impact of financial crisis. During the economic downturn, fair value accounting has focused on reflecting the market condition in the balance sheet of the financial institution (Paolucci and Menicucci, 2014). From the wide range of literature, it can be found that the fair value accounting cannot be considered as the main reason behind the financial instability. Benefits of Fair Value Accounting Fair value accounting provides lot of advantages by considering the market value and enhancing the relevance of the information. Principle benefits of fair value accounting in relation to enhancing the quality of financial information are provided in this section: Accuracy and Transparency In fair value accounting, the financial information is presented considering the present market value instead of the historical cost. One of the major objectives of fair value accounting is to provide accurate information to the stakeholders (Okamoto, 2014). The internal control procedure of the organization must focus on reflecting actual market condition. Thus, adoption of fair value leads to estimation of the asset and liabilities in the current market and reporting those in the financial statement. Different valuation models are used for estimation of the asset and liabilities of the organization which ensures accurate and transparent information (Magnan, 2009). Enhanced Relevance It has been found that use of the present market value in reporting the assets and liabilities help in enhancing the relevance of the financial information presented in the balance sheet. In case of historical accounting the assets and liabilities are reported at the value of the acquiring date. Adoption of fair value accounting has enabled the organization to compare the assets and liabilities in different time period as those are valued at current price (Khurana and Kim, 2003). True Income Fair value accounting has limited the capability of the company in manipulating the net income presented in the financial statement. It has been observed that sometimes, the management purposely facilitate sale of assets to enhance or decline the net gain from the gain or loss from the sale proceeds. Drawbacks of Fair Value Accounting Though fair value accounting significantly contribute in enhancing the transparency and relevance of the financial information, it has some limitations. It has been observed that fair value accounting worsen the impact of economic downturn (Lilien, Sarath and Schrader, 2013). Analyzing wide range of literature some major disadvantages of fair value accounting has been identified and those will be discussed in this section. Value Reversal It has been observed that fair value accounting poses challenge to the organization as the market condition is reflected in the financial information. It has been observed that the market may become highly volatile and adoption of fair value accounting leads to reevaluation of the assets and liabilities in thee volatile condition. Consequently, significant swings in the value of the assets and liabilities are observed. However, in the stabilized market, the value of the assets and liabilities get back to the normal level. Thus, temporary loss and gain is reported which often mislead the investors (Kusano, n.d.). Market Effect Various studies have depicted that use of fair value accounting can significantly affect the market at the time of economic downturn. At the time of global financial crisis, the value of the assets were re-estimated and as it considered the current market condition, the value of the assets were estimated to be very low (Liao et al., 2013). Additionally, it is evident that the lower value of asset forced the organization to sell assets. This results further devaluation of assets and thus fair value accounting significantly contribute in worsening the impact of economic downturn (LaCalamito, 2013). Conclusion: This paper has provided an insight to the perspective of different economists and financial analysts regarding the role of fair value accounting practice in the global financial crisis 2007- 2008. It has been observed that various researcher have argued that fair value accounting reflected the economic downturn in the financial information which has devaluated the asset and forced the banks to sell assets so that the solvency requirement is met. Consequently it led to further financial instability across the world. Thus, fair value accounting has amplified the negative impact of financial crisis. On the other hand, some economists have argued that the global financial crisis was triggered by the poor risk management structure along with the wrong credit grant decision making. Hence, fair value accounting has no direct association with the global financial crisis. This paper has also discussed the major benefits of FVA such as improved accuracy, transparency and relevance. Moreover, f air value accounting does not allow the organization to manipulate the net income. In contrast, the drawbacks of the fair value accounting have been observed which destabilizes the market due to reflection of the market situation at the time of economic downturn. References American Bankers Association (2009). Fair Value and Mark to Market Accounting. Retrieved from:https://www.aba.com/Issues/Issues_FairValue.html Badertscher, B., Burks, J. and Easton, P. (2012). A Convenient Scapegoat: Fair Value Accounting by Commercial Banks during the Financial Crisis.The Accounting Review, 87(1), pp.59-90. Barth, M. and Landsman, W. (2010). How did Financial Reporting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?.European Accounting Review, 19(3), pp.399-423. Barth, M. E. Landsman, W. R. (2010). How did Financial Reporting Contribute to the Financial crisis?, European Accounting Review, 19(3), 399-423. doi: 10.1080/09638180.2010.498619 Benston, G. (2008). The shortcomings of fair-value accounting described in SFAS 157.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 27(2), pp.101-114. Bischof, J., Daske, H. and Sextroh, C. (2014). Fair Value-related Information in Analysts Decision Processes: Evidence from the Financial Crisis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 41(3-4), pp.363-400. Foster, P. B. Shastri, T. (2010). The subprime lending crisis and reliable reporting, Accounting Auditing, CPA Journal, 80(4), 22-25. Goncharov, I. and van Triest, S. (2011). Do fair value adjustments influence dividend policy?.Accounting and Business Research, 41(1), pp.51-68. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2008). Fair Value Accounting and Procyclicality, in International Monetary Fund (IMF), Global Financial Stability Report, Financial Stress and Deleveraging. Macro-Financial Implications and Policy, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC, 105-130. Khurana, I. and Kim, M. (2003). Relative value relevance of historical cost vs. fair value: Evidence from bank holding companies.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 22(1), pp.19-42. Krumwiede, T. (2008). The role of fair-value accounting in the credit-market crisis, International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 5(4), 313-331. Kusano, M. (n.d.). Fair Value Accounting and Procyclicality: Accounting for Securitization.SSRN Journal. LaCalamito, T. (2013). Fair value accounting's role in the recent financial crisis.International Journal of Economics and Accounting, 4(3), p.271. Laux, C. and Leuz, C. (2010). Did Fair-Value Accounting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(1), pp.93-118. Liao, L., Kang, H., Morris, R. and Tang, Q. (2013). Information asymmetry of fair value accounting during the financial crisis.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 9(2), pp.221-236. Lilien, S., Sarath, B. and Schrader, R. (2013). Normal Turbulence or Perfect Storm? Disparity in Fair Value Estimates.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 28(2), pp.192-211. Magnan, M. (2009). Fair Value Accounting and the Financial Crisis: Messenger or Contributor?.Accounting Perspectives, 8(3), pp.189-213. Okamoto, N. (2014). Fair value accounting from a distributed cognition perspective.Accounting Forum, 38(3), pp.170-183. Paolucci, G. and Menicucci, E. (2014). Critical Insights Back Into the Role of Fair Value Accounting within the Financial Crisis.International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(8), pp.80-97. Penman, S. H. (2007). Financial reporting quality: Is fair value a plus or a minus?, Accounting and Business Research, Special Issue: International Accounting Policy Forum, 33-44. doi: 10.1080/00014788.2007.9730083 Rashad Abdel-Khalik, A. (2010). Fair Value Accounting and Stewardship*.Accounting Perspectives, 9(4), pp.253-269. Shaffer, S. (2010). Fair Value Accounting: Villian or Innocent Victim. Exploring the Links Between Fair Value Accounting, Bank Regulatory Capital and the Recent Financial Crisis, Working Paper, No. QAU10-01, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Trussel, J. M. Rose, L. C. (2009). Fair value accounting and the current financial crisis, Accounting Auditing, CPA Journal, 79(6), 26-30.

The Outsider In Silas Marner Essay Example

The Outsider In Silas Marner Paper Silas Marner is a novel that explores many different key themes. George Elliot has made this novel a very deep and meaningful story with complex characters and twisting plot. She has used a very wide range of technical and methodological language to bring the character of Silas Marner to life. Silas Marner is a weaver from the town of Lantern Yard. Silas suffers from cataleptic fits and left Lantern Yard after being accused of stealing money. William Dane set him up. Silas felt betrayed by his friend and there was no Justice. Silas moved to the village of Ravaloe where there is a close community. The villagers start to separate from him and exclude him from their community. Silas becomes very isolated and spends a lot of his time caring for and hoarding the gold that he has worked so hard for. This is bought across by Elliots words, for it was pleasant to him to feel them in his palm, and look at their bright faces, which were all his own.(P17) This makes the gold seem almost like something that is living. The reader feels that Silas is attached to his gold and that he looks to it as if it were a pet or a relative. The word faces makes them sound creature like and it is Elliots clever use of such metaphors that puts ideas into the readers mind throughout the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsider In Silas Marner specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsider In Silas Marner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Outsider In Silas Marner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Silas strange obsession with his gold adds to the suspicion of the villagers and separates Silas even more from their close-knit community. The villagers of Ravaloe are all very close and have known each other all or most of their lives. They dont accept people from other villages very well and Silas is not helped by his odd appearance and his cataleptic fits. The villagers are so involved in their own lives that Silas appearance and fits horrify them and they begin to label him as a freak. It was at church that the villagers first saw Silas have a fit. They started to say that he was to do with Satan. This trance looked more like a visitation of Satan than a proof of divine favour, and exhorted his friend to see that he hid no accursed thing within his soul. This shows the ignorance of the villagers and their negative attitudes toward outsiders. This view is carried throughout the first section of the novel and it is only when Silas approaches them that they become to accept him. The villagers are very superstitious about people from outside their village or people that they dont know. They wouldnt try and socialise with them but instead start rumours and superstitions about the outsiders. They are exceptionally suspicious about Silas because of his strange appearance and his cataleptic fits. He is often referred to as an insect in the novel. For example on page 17 his basic, lonely life is likened to the life of a spinning insect. It is almost a hint at him being a spider. The fact that he is a weaver and his life is likened to a spinning insect all refer to things a spider would do. Silas becomes very close to his money and when he finds out it is missing he was horrified. He decides that it has been stolen and he accuses Jem Rodney. Silas decides to go to the pub and ask the villagers if they could help him retrieve his beloved money. The villagers are surprised by the appearance of Silas who enters the pub stating his loss. Jem Rodney denies the charge and Silas apologises, as he knows about being wrongly accused. The men are helpful and suggest that there must be some clues to track down the thief. Mr Dowlas and Mr Snell go out into the dark to help Silas. This is where the villagers begin to really turn towards Silas and begin to accept him into their tight community. The villagers even start to try and comfort Silas by visiting his house with gifts. Silas is even asked to go to church and he begins to become part of the community. Another big turning point in the novel is when Mollys baby is found by Silas. Silas sees the baby (Eppie) as his gold. The heap of gold seemed to glow and get larger beneath his agitated gaze. He leaned forward at last, and stretched forth his hand but instead of the hard coin with the familiar resisting outline, his fingers encountered soft warm curls. This shows how obsessed Silas became about his gold. What he was seeing was a babies golden hair but in his mind it is his heap of gold. Silas becomes attached to the child and decides that he is going to keep it. The villagers begin to see Silas as a good man who is trying to bring up a child single-handed and they offer him advice. Silas has her christened Hephzibah, Eppie for short, after his mother. This chapter outlines Eppie being naughty and Silas cannot bring himself to punish her. The presence of the child starts to transform Silas. Silas money is found along side Dunstan and Silas tells how his live revolved around his gold. Godfrey feels that he should make up for his brothers behaviour and offers to take Eppie away from him and remove the burden. Eppie refuses and Silas loves her so much that he is prepared to fight to keep her. Dunstan ends up with no child and is punished. Silas and Eppie become part of the community and the villagers no longer see Silas as a freak. Eppie has helped Silas become accepted because when Silas accepted her as his daughter the villagers began to comfort Silas and see him as a caring person. It is when they see that he is caring that they begin to see that he isnt all the things that he is rumoured to be, but actually he is just like them. Silas and Eppie go back to Lantern Yard and find that it has gone. Silas is saddened by this but realises that Ravaloe is his home now.

Skin And Bones

Skin And Bones Skin And Bones Skin And Bones By Sharon There are a lot of idiomatic expressions in English relating to skin and bones. Here are a few examples. Bone idle – lazy. (Example: He never does anything; hes just bone idle.) Bone up – study. (Example: I need to bone up on history before the final exam.) By the skin of your teeth – barely. (Example: I caught the cab by the skin of my teeth. It was about to pull away.) Close to the bone – offensive, painful or personal. (Example: I get a bit uncomfortable with Bob, because his comments are always close to the bone.) Get under your skin – irritate or annoy. (Example: He is one of the most irritating people I know. He really gets under my skin.) Have a bone to pick – have a complaint. (Example: I have a bone to pick with you. You gave me the wrong directions to the concert and I missed the start. ) Jump out of your skin – to be shocked or surprised. (Example: When the serial killer appeared in the movie, I jumped out of my skin.) Make no bones – speak frankly. (Example: I make no bones about saying that the movie was terrible. ) No skin off my nose – it doesnt matter to me. (Example: Its no skin off my nose if youd rather be alone.) Save your skin – get away from a dangerous or unpleasant situation. (Example: The soldiers started to fire but I managed to save my skin by hiding in the bushes.) Skin and bones – very thin. (Example: She never gains weight. Shes just skin and bones.) The bare bones – the outline. (Example: The professor gave the students the bare bones of the topic and told them to read up on the rest. ) Work your fingers to the bone – work hard . (Example: While you went to the party, I worked my fingers to the bone tidying up the house.) Can you think of any to add? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationTypes of Ignorance

Safety Program Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Safety Program Management - Essay Example This program is set out to direct improvements about specific regulatory policies on accident prevention, accident mitigation and aviation monitoring and modeling to make, as Rugg (2010) has emphasized, â€Å"an already safe air transportation system even safer.† Other agencies such as the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) are a program initiated by the government for the same purpose as well. In connection, this paper will focus on the aspect of accident prevention and its importance to the implementation of the aviation safety program created by the agencies mentioned above; and to employ certain development in which consideration of the past, present and future changes is needed. To do so, a portion will be spared for the review of the history of aviation travels, and the accidents connected to it, and also point out the desired aviation safety policies needed to assist in reaching the visions as stated. One of the earliest concepts of air travelling was designed by the Montgolfier brothers in the late 18th century as they saw the possibility of navigating the air (Turner, 1931, p. 170). A few experimentation and months later, a huge balloon was flown using hot air. The balloon, called the Montgolfier balloon, later had carried a maximum of seven passengers into the sky; and gathered both positive and negative feedback from the public (â€Å"World Aviation in 1783,† n.d.). After more than two decades, Sir George Cayley, known as the â€Å"Father of Aerial Navigation,† discussed the basic yet very significant principles used in flying things in an article titled â€Å"On Aerial Navigation† (Berliner, 1997, pp. 54-55); and also started to use his own ideas in the experimentations about flying he did in the years later. By the early 20th century, according to Andrews (2009), aviation travel experimenters

How does a study of popular culture help researchers understand how Essay

How does a study of popular culture help researchers understand how financial reporting information is valued by society - Essay Example Financial reports are then prepared to mirror the popular culture that prevails in monetary terms. Thus, ideally these reports should replicate the popular culture and should tell if that suits the well being of a country or not. Critical theory encompasses the idea of popular culture. It involves the examination and analysis of a society and its culture. Recently, Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions have been used to describe national or, better put, popular cultures. Hofstede’s ideas are based on a large scale research project to bridge cultural differences globally and to come up with a global popular culture! It uses data obtained from sixty-four countries. These studies identify five dimensions. These dimensions can be used to analyze how similar or different countries are. Based on these, their financial reports should mirror the popular trends that prevail and should compare the financial status of the countries in a considerable time period. The first dimension is of power distance, second one being individualism, third masculinity, fourth uncertainty avoidance and last one being long term orientation( Hofstede, Geert). Power distance index is used to measure the degree to which author ity is distributed lopsidedly within an association or an institution (and even in families). It also implies that a society’s degree of disparity is authorized by the supporters as much as by the leaders. The analysis of power distance shows significant differences amongst countries, Germany has a power distance index of 35 while Arab countries have a power index of 80. The second dimension of assessing the popular culture according to Hofstede is individualism. In this, it is compared whether the citizens prefer to look after themselves only, i.e. if they prefer individualism or if they prefer collectivism and like to help others. On the individualistic side, we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose. Everyone takes care of himself

Microsoft in Japan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microsoft in Japan - Term Paper Example This paper illustrates that Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft Company in 1975. The company’s headquarters is in the US and they develop, sell, support, manufacture, as well as license computer soft wares. The company has over one hundred thousand employees and the computer soft wares they sell include the Microsoft office, windows operating software and internet explorer browser. The multinational company also sells hardwares such as phones, tablets, and the X-box games console. The company estimated its revenue to be around $77b by 2013. The Knowledge Assessment method is used to analyze challenges and opportunities that the company encounters following investment in a foreign company. Like in the case of a clothing line company that expanded its market globally, it faced many challenges. Being a small business, it should have first invested in its educating the employees on possible challenges and how to deal with them. The government policies were very different f rom their home country, and they had difficulties adjusting to the forms of taxes as well as importation policies. The company was also not aware of taxes and quotas that the foreign government had imposed on the sale of imported clothes and they ended up making a loss instead of expected profits. In analyzing the industry, organization, as well as investment analysis in Japan, the costs of starting a business in Japan have reduced drastically since the domestic recession and resulting price deflation of the past 8 - 10 years. Office rents and the values of land have also declined since the bursting of Japans property bubble toward the end of the 1980s. After the domestic recession, many companies in Japan reduced the summer and winter bonuses that they had traditionally paid to their employees.

Counterculture Paper: Hackers

Counterculture Paper: Hackers Throughout history countercultures have emerged that challenge the established norm. Whether they are a group of Hippies or the Russian Mafia, they are still considered to be a counterculture which rejects the pre-established norms of the larger cultures and replace them with their own values and practices (Thomas). One modern counterculture is hackers. There are three different kinds of hackers, black hat, gray hat, and white hat. All groups defy the norm, but black hat hackers are more well-known and are often what people associate with the word hacker. The word hack first appeared in the English language around 1200 (Yagoda). At that point in time, it did not refer to technology. Hacking began being associated with technology and machines in 1955 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology when it was used to describe someone who used unconventional and creative ways to solve problems (Yagoda). This continued on until the Jargon Files released eight definitions of the word hacker, the last one referring to a person with malicious intent (Yagoda). When self-proclaimed teenage hackers accessed forbidden information and were subsequently arrested, hacking gained a negative connotation (Yagoda). Since the 1970s hackers have infamously stolen money, information, and more from unsuspecting people and companies. There have been a few hackers who have stood out from the rest. Vladmir Levin, a Russian hacker, stole nearly $10 million from Citibank without the use of a computer in 1995; he served three years in prison for his crime (Weissman). Albert Gonzalez stole millions of credit and debit card numbers to execute one of the largest identify theft schemes to date; he was apprehended and sentenced to 20 years in prison (Weissman). Another Scottish hacker by the name of Gary McKinnon was a computer prodigy by the age of 14 and managed to hack 97 American military networks in the early 2000s; despite the U.S.s attempts to extradite McKinnon, he has found asylum in the UK (Weissman). An unidentified Greek hacker who goes by the name Astra accessed confidential information about jet fighters and military-grade aircrafts; he then proceeded to sell the stolen information over the span of five years, adding up to $360 million lost by Dassault Group (Weissman). One of the most infamous hacktivist group is known as Anonymous. Founded in 2003, Anonymous is known for leading online campaigns to voice their opinions on political and social events (Weissman). Anonymous is open to anyone who wants to voice their opinion and includes people of all races, religions, political standings, sexual orientations, nationalities, and genders (Sands). With no specific agenda, Anonymous aims to call attention to censorship, government control and freedom of speech; anyone is allowed to propose ideas, and members will voice their opinions which leads to the idea being accepted or rejected by the group as a whole (Sands). With the proper connections, anyone can gain access to chat groups where Anonymous members discuss ideas and their beliefs (Sands). Once an idea is accepted, the group will persistently attack its target in an effort to gain support from the public and bring about change (Sands). Since its birth, Anonymous has grown into one of the most recog nizable hacktivist groups that spans the globe, yet has no known leader; with their abilities, they have carried out some of the most well-known hacks targeting groups like the Church of Scientology, the KKK, and PayPal (Sands). There are three primary classifications for hackers: white hat, black hat, and gray hat. White hats are normally security researchers; they are hired by companies to find security vulnerabilities and report them to the company to be fixed (Zetter). Black hats are what people normally think of when hearing the word hacker. They are malicious and use their extensive knowledge of operating systems to steal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or data (Zetter). After stealing information, they often use it to their advantage to blackmail people or receive money, or they sell it to other hackers or groups for large sums of money (Zetter). Gray hats are a mix of white and black hat hackers. They may sell their information to the government so that they can hack the systems of other criminals or enemies; these people may work alone or in groups to accomplish their tasks (Zetter). Over the past few decades, hackers have become increasingly public with their stances and are usually motivated by money and/or the prospect of having their voices heard by people all over the world. Using the sociological perspective, which is the ability to look at the hidden meaning behind peoples actions, allows people to analyze why hackers do what they do (Thomas). For hacktivists, like Anonymous, they want to influence social and political events. For example, they recently targeted Donald Trump by releasing his personal information; this act gives the public insight into their opinion of the current president (Sands). Other people may use hacking to voice their opinions on animal cruelty or other controversial topics, like abortion. Sociological imagination, which involves seeing the connection between ones life and the larger world, can also be applied to observing hackers (Thomas). Some hackers work on a large scale, but their actions have encouraged changes that affect us every day. For example, hackers motivate companies to install strong firewalls to prevent people like Kevin Mitnick from hacking government organizations, like the NSA (Weissman). This indirectly effects our lives, even if we do not see the consequences. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are both used to make judgements about a culture. Ethnocentrism involves comparing one culture to another, while cultural relativism involves making judgments about a culture using their own standards (Thomas). Larger society sees hackers as a counterculture because they compare their norms to hackers norms. When doing this, they automatically view their culture as superior and look down on hackers, which aided in the negative connotation associated with the word. Hackers, however, employ cultural relativism, which does not involve comparing themselves to another culture, to judge whether or not their actions are acceptable. This can explain why black hat hackers do not look at their actions as being punishable; this could also be why groups like Anonymous are so motivated and do not see anything wrong with targeting groups and organizations that do not agree with their views. Exploring the world of hackers has allowed me to see the world through their eyes if only for a moment. I can understand why hackers exploit people and organizations, but I do not agree with their views. I believe in freedom of speech, but I do not believe in secretly hacking companies to voice their opinions. It almost seems like cheating, and I believe that there are legal ways to start a movement and bring about change that do not involve stealing information. As for black hats that are simply in it for the money, I do not support their actions in the slightest. I believe that they could use their talents to get a job that would still pay enough money to live comfortably. Hackers have played a significant role in molding modern society, and I do not see them going away soon. However, I am glad that they have kept the government on their toes. With that being said, hacking has evolved, and will continue to evolve as technology becomes more advanced. I am excited to see what the fut ure holds and what role hackers play in it. Works Cited Sands, Geneva. ABC News. 19 March 2016. 10 March 2017. Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology: The Study of Human Relationships. Austin: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2003. Weissman, Cal Guthrie. Business Insider. 10 April 2015. 9 March 2017. Yagoda, Ben. A Short History of Hack. The New Yorker 6 March 2014. Zetter, Kim. Wired. 13 April 2016. 11 March 2017.

Reggae Español: Jamaican Music in Spanish-speaking Countries :: Essays Papers

Reggae Espaà ±ol: Jamaican Music in Spanish-speaking Countries With its close geographic proximity to the Caribbean and Latin America, Jamaica has not only received influences from these cultures, but has also been influential on molding and forming an integral part of Spanish-speaking nations. The growing popularity of reggae and Jamaican culture as a whole is apparent all over the world, and is catching on quickly. Although there are reggae groups found in many of the Spanish-speaking countries worldwide, there is not much literature that has focused on their history or followed their progress, just like there is not much published work about reggae and Rastafarianism. This paper intends to focus on the Spanish involvement in Jamaica and also chart the musical influence of reggae in these aforementioned regions. Although there is not much evidence regarding the Spanish involvement of Jamaica, the Spaniards were supposedly the first to arrive on the island, and settle it shortly thereafter. Christopher Columbus veered off his path and came upon the small island in the Caribbean on his second voyage in may of 1494. The island was already inhabited by the indigenous people called the Arawaks, who supposedly came from Venezuela and had already named the island Xaymaca. Not unlike the other Caribbean islands the Spaniards inhabited, their presence decimated the indigenous population. The influx of disease and mistreatment of the indigenous people by the newcomers led to their eventual demise, 70-80 years after the Spanish arrival. (Musgrave). Only a few artifacts remain of what was once the Arawak culture, a people that at one point numbered 60,000. (Barrett, p. 20). 15 years after the Spaniards first encountered the island, they founded a settlement and were quickly establishing dominance in the region. In 1509, the Spaniards built a town named after an existing Spanish town, Sevilla La Nueva, New Seville. It was located near what is now St. Ann’s Bay on Jamaica’s north coast. With the local indigenous population declining due to disease, Spaniards began bring Africans to the island to work as slaves and perform hard labor. When the Spaniards left and the English took over, many of the salve fled, which became known as Maroons, and settled in what is now known as The Cockpit Country, located in the center of the island. The Spanish presence in Jamaica was relatively brief, and never flourished under Spanish rule. They handed it over to Britain in 1655, after engaging in battle with the British.